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In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases by using high pressures and low temperatures, and in 1834, an American expatriate in Great Britain, Jacob Perkins, built the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system. In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor-compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum. The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that time. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled, absorbing heat from the surrounding air. The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755.
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The word "refrigeratory" was used at least as early as the 17th century On mountainsides, runoff from melting snow is a convenient way to cool drinks, and during the winter one can keep milk fresh much longer just by keeping it outdoors. Natural means are still used to cool foods today. Placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the winter, they were once very common. In modern times, before the invention of the modern electric refrigerator, icehouses and iceboxes were used to provide cool storage for most of the year.
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History Technology development See also: Refrigeration and Timeline of low-temperature technologyĪncient Iranians known also as Ancient Persians in the West were among the first to invent a form of large evaporative cooler called Yakhchāls using subterranean storage spaces, a large domed above-ground structure made with thick walls and outfitted with wind catchers (called "badgirs"), walled off further into a series of "qanats", or a style of aqueduct used in Ancient Iran. Many commercial freezers stand upright and have glass doors so shoppers can see the contents. Many modern upright freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their door. Sometimes a domestic freezer is laid on its back to look like a chest. This is because both compartments shares the same coolant loop.ĭomestic freezers normally stand upright, resembling refrigerators. Most household refrigerators generally do not achieve a temperature lower than −23 ☌ (−9 ☏), because it is difficult to control the temperature for two different compartments. Some freezer-only units can achieve −34 ☌ (−29 ☏) and lower. Most household freezers maintain temperatures from −23 to −18 ☌ (−9 to 0 ☏). Household refrigerators usually have a separate compartment where the heat pump is used to pump even colder temperatures to the contents. When stored in a freezer, frozen food can be stored safely for a longer time than storing at room temperatures.ĭomestic freezers can be a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate appliance. Freezers can be found in household refrigerators, as well as in industry and commerce. Inside a freezer, it is normally −18 ☌ (0 ☏). A domestic refrigerator with an opened freezer compartment at the top and an opened refrigerator compartment at the bottomĪ freezer is a special type of refrigerator that stores food at freezing temperatures.